Because I am nothing but unoriginal I decided to basically rip off Love in the Time of Chasmosaur’s long-running Vintage Dinosaur Art series, though of course with a twist. These definitions are naturally somewhat subjective, but a cultural object is usually defined as “vintage” if it is at least 25 years old (meaning Jurassic Park is already vintage and its first sequel will be as well in two years). Once something is older than 100 years it however stops being vintage and instead becomes an antique, which is where I want to jump in. In this new category I want to take a light-hearted look at paleoart (mostly from books), which is at least 100 years old, which at the point of writing would be anything made before 1920. To kick this off nicely I decided to begin with a true classic: Voyage au centre de la Terre by none other than Ur-sci-fi-author Jules Verne. While it was technically first published in 1864, the definitive and most famous editon was the 1867 reissue, which featured artwork by one Édouard Riou. Riou may perhaps not be such a big name anymore in today’s discussion around paleoart, considering all the Knights, Burians and Pauls that came after him, but he is still indispensable for the history of the medium for illustrating Louis Figuier’s The Earth before the Deluge in 1863 (which I still need to get my hands on). While Figuier’s book still worked off a biblical narrative, it was the first major book aimed at general audiences that told and illustrated Earth’s geologic history through the ages, making it the precursor to basically every popular non-fiction dinosaur/prehistory-book written after it. Without it we might never have had books like Life through the Ages, All about Dinosaurs, Life before Man or All Yesterdays and paleoart might still be relegated to dry scientific papers. It was also exactly this work which most scholars agree was the inspiration behind Verne’s novel.
In the rare case you do not already know the basics of the story, the novel follows the adventure of the clumsy German geology professor Otto Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel, who, together with the stoic Icelandic guide Hans, follow the trails of a long-dead monk down the lava tubes of a long-dead volcano to discover a fantastical biosphere deep under the Earth. The first third of the novel mainly concerns the rather drab travel towards and down the volcano, without any wildlife-encounter, but I still wanted to include this Riou-illustration of a gigantic crystal cavern. The reason is that, while in Verne’s time this was seen as fantastical, real-life caverns like this have been discovered in the form of the Naica Mine in Mexico. Another thing to add to the long list of things Verne predicted, which also includes travelling to the Moon, giant submarines, skyscrapers and even the internet. Take that H. G. Wells!
Technically our first illustration of extinct life comes when the expedition team travels through a naturally hollowed out coal-deposit. While not outright stated in the text, it is quite clear that what is depicted here are petrified Calamites trees. In the Carboniferous these giant horsetails, together with scale-trees, were near ubiquitous in the ancient coal swamps. Fossils like these have even been found near where I live at the Swiss Tödi mountain and the town of Dorénaz. Axel, the narrator and whose opinions basically reflect mainstream geology of the time (as opposed to his uncle who’d be considered an odd crank nowadays), uses this passage to tell us a bit about the Carboniferous and Devonian times and their inhabitants. Interestingly for us today, he muses that through the overconsumption by the industrialized nations the world’s coal-deposits might be completely depleted in about three centuries. From Jules Verne’s POV while writing the novel, that would be in around the 2160s. Since the global industrialization has only expanded since his time I wondered how well this prediction would hold up. At least according to this paper our known coal deposits might last until the 2110s, with all other fossil fuels already running out by the 2040s. I have however also found some sources claiming that coal might already run out by the 2060s, so Verne’s prediction might be 50 – 100 years too optimistic. Of course, none of this would be a problem if we simply stopped using fossil fuels and start relying on renewable resources.
After travelling further down the lava tubes, the expedition finally comes to a titanic, perhaps continent-sized cavern, which houses the Lidenbrock Sea and which is lighted by electric clouds under the cave ceiling. After walking along the sea’s beach they come across a forest of giant mushrooms, a truly iconic image. While this was of course pretty fantastical even in Verne’s time, in hindsight there is something funny about this, seeing how we nowadays know of Prototaxites, a Devonian, pillar-shaped lichen which grew about 8 meters tall and dominated the landscape before actual trees evolved. Prototaxites had been known since 1843, though the suggestion that it was a fungal organism had not been made until 2001. Maybe we can add this to the list of Verne’s predictions too. Inside the mushroom forest they also find Carboniferous trees, living versions of the ones they previously saw in the coal ore. Among these on the ground they find bones of various extinct mega-mammals, like Mastodon, Megatherium and Deinotherium. It is left open whether these are the remains of animals which recently lived in the underground forest or if these are fossils swept here from the above-world by sinkholes or similar geologic forces. As they do not see any living ones, Axel assumes the latter, while Lidenbrock likes to think it is the former.
Shortly after, they build a raft and decide to cross the Lidenbrock sea to explore the other shore. At sea they encounter gigantic algae and catch blind descendants of the Devonian placoderm Pterichthys (today referred to as Pterichthyodes, the animal which I currently use as my profile picture). This first encounter with a genuine prehistoric animal makes Axel daydream about travelling to the past and encountering other extinct lifeforms. This dream is what is depicted in the above image by Riou. The mammal on the bottom left is, I assume, Anoplotherium, the one on the right is not an anteater but the giant sloth Megatherium. Yes, back then it was thought that Megatherium had a trunk like a tapir, as can also be seen with the famous statues at the Crystal Palace Park. In more recent years it has also come into question if giant sloths like these, especially the ones living in areas like Florida or Brazil, really were as shaggy as often depicted instead of being naked like most large mammals. Speaking of fur, the two mastodons at the beach are notably drawn without any. As recently discussed by Mark Witton this may actually be closer to the truth, as the idea of mastodons being as hairy as mammoths is entirely born out of paleoartistic convention rather than actual evidence. Nice job, Riou. The Mesozoic reptiles in the background are of course very much of their time, but still give the piece a nice atmosphere. The marine saurians greatly resemble the same ones from Riou’s previous work on La Terre avant le Deluge and the pterosaurs also remind me of another piece of art, but I cannot quite put my finger on which one. Oh, and look, a moa! That should fill our dinosaur-quota for the day. On its own this is a really nice piece, even if deliberately anachronistic, but what diminishes it is that it is just a dream-sequence. But do not worry, this initial disappointment is just build-up for when the real-deal comes!
After a few days at sea, the expedition tries to fathom the depth of the water by letting down a pickaxe attached to a rope. After they pull it out of the water again they see that the axe has been heavily dented by gigantic, crocodile-like bite-marks, a definite sign that they pissed off something big and scary. The next day they are woken up as a gigantic animal hits their raft. What I really like about this image is the sort of creepy vibe. This could just as well have been an illustration in one of those Bernard Heuvelmanns’ books about sea-serpents or other marine cryptids… which is of course because the modern vision of sea-monsters was based off this era’s science on Mesozoic marine reptiles. In hindsight, books like Journey to the Center of the Earth or Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Lost World probably contributed a lot to the “prehistoric survivor paradigm” which has made cryptozoology the laughingstock that it is nowadays.
After the initial shock they see a multitude of animals in the distance, a whale, a crocodile and a lizard on one side and a giant tortoise and a sea serpent on the other. As they come closer however they see that it is just two creatures whose body-parts they mistook as belonging to separate animals: an ichthyosaur and a plesiosaur. To us this mistake may sound odd, but it emphasizes just how alien these animals were to the people of the mid-nineteenth century. I bet that this was Mary Anning’s first reaction upon discovering Plesiosaurus. What follows this odd encounter is what most people would consider the signature scene of the novel. In fact a colored version of this image is used as my edition’s cover. Now of course we could spend all day talking about how outdated this reconstruction has become, but come on man, scenes like this are what we are all here for. Raw antediluvian brute force! It is interesting to compare this to Riou’s previous illustration of the two animals in Deluge. There they do not fight, but just look mildly annoyed at each other. In Deluge they also are more anatomically accurate and have smooth skin, while here they look more monstrous and are decked out with almost turtle-like armor-scutes. It is probably safe to say that Riou deliberately made the animals more exaggerated here for added entertainment value. Also interesting to note is how this image demonstrates the fact that people at this time thought the sclerotic ring of ichthyosaurs was visible in life, as can also be seen at the Crystal Palace sculptures.
After an odd encounter with a geyser and a kugelblitz, the expedition finally lands on the far side of the shore. There they encounter a giant fossil graveyard, strewn with the bones of various extinct mammals and reptiles. It is again left uncertain if these bones came from animals living underground or sank down here from above.
Among the bones they shockingly find the remains of a prehistoric human. Mind you that this was at a time when the existence of humans in faraway geologic history was still controversial and remains of fossil hominins were still rare. Charles Lyell had just written Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man in 1863 and the identity of the neanderthal remains was still called into question by some. What follows is Otto Lidenbrock audibly daydreaming of standing in his lecture hall and making fun of the scholars which doubted the antiquity of man. Though something seems off with this haunting image The skeleton does not look like a fossil, but rather like a mummy as it still has hair and skin.
After crossing the
graveyard, Otto and Axel enter a large forest filled with Cenozoic plants.
There they find a herd of still living (and naked) mastodons and,
dumbfoundingly, a gigantic human leaning against a tree with a large club,
apparently tending the mastodon herd like they are its cattle. The sight is so
terrifying that the two explorers flee the forest, in fear that the giant might
spot and attack them. Axel finds this encounter so unbelievable that he tries
to tell himself in retrospect that what they saw just was just a large ape, but
we readers know better thanks to Riou’s illustration. The way he drew the
jungle has a certain eldritch quality to it. Together with the frightening sight
it reminds me a bit of scenes from H. P. Lovecraft stories. One wonders if
there was an influence, though Lovecraft would not be born until 1890 and as
far as I am aware did not read much from Jules Verne. That said, both Verne and
Lovecraft had Edgar Allan Poe as an influence. Getting back to the shore of the
Lidenbrock sea, Otto and Axel find more signs of Arne Saknussemm, the Icelandic
monk that led them to this journey. With their raft they follow his path,
landing in another lava tube which ejects them out of the Italian volcano
Stromboli, concluding their journey.
A few words
on the hollow earth and dinosaurs
Despite the title, the protagonists of the Verne novel never reach the center of the Earth. According to Otto, the Lidenbrock Sea is “only” 35 miles (56.3 km) under the Earth. That is close to the boundary between the crust and the upper mantle, so admittedly still impressive, but very far from the center. In fact, at the end Axel is strongly of the opinion that his uncle still is a nutjob for thinking the Earth is hollow and that everything they encountered was nothing but local exceptions. Hence it is very ironic that this became one of the signature stories to influence hollow earth fiction. The idea of a hollow earth or at least large, underground lost worlds, did not begin with Verne. Arguably the oldest example of such a story was Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedia from 1320, wherein at the center of Earth is hell with Satan himself. In a scientific context the idea was first suggested by Edmond Halley in 1692, when he postulated that the interior Earth is made up of multiple independently rotating shells with their own magnetosphere. He came to this conclusion as he tried to explain compass anomalies and the phenomenon of aurora borealis (which we now all know is actually caused by steamed hams). This was further adapted by Scottish mathematician Sir John Leslie, who proposed that there were two small suns in the interior of the Earth providing light to the surface of a concave hollow Earth. Leslie's idea is actually referenced by Axel when he first sees the Lidenbrock Sea. In 1818 John Cleves Symmes also hypothesized about a hollow Earth and proposed that entrances to it could be found at both the North and South poles. This actually inspired multiple arctic/antarctic expeditions trying to find these entrances. One of his most notable believers and approver of such an expedition was John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States of America. Symmes’ theories also influenced The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, an Edgar Allan Poe story from 1838. Despite all this popularity, the idea of a hollow Earth was already disproven in 1774, when Charles Hutton calculated the mean density of our planet, showing that its interior was filled and solid.
Verne’s true
contribution to the genre was the connection between subterranean lost worlds and
prehistoric life. In all previous stories the Hollow Earth was populated by either
fantastic beasts or Atlantis-like civilizations. In my eyes it is clear that
Verne himself did not believe in the Hollow Earth, but rather the mainstream
geology of his time, and instead simply used this genre as a vehicle to tell a
fun and also educational story about geology and paleontology, especially in a
time when time-travel fiction did not really exist yet (Wells still had to
catch up). I find the association between prehistoric life and underground
worlds fascinating in a psychological and cultural context, as in many ways it
resembles the reasoning behind ancient beliefs about the afterlife. Why did many old
religions believe the world of the dead was underground (think of the Greek
Hades or the Jewish Sheol) and not, say, on the Moon? A relative of mine who
studied theology put it quite simply: That is where these cultures buried their
dead, so it is where the souls of the dead would also stay and dwell. Now, why
would prehistoric animals be living deep underground? Because that is where their
fossils rest. To explain why these animals are only ever found as frozen
carcasses, Siberian mythology actually does say that mammoths are animals which
live continually underground like giant moles and once they accidentally breach
the surface they instantly freeze to death. Similar stories exist in Native
American folklore about fossils. Now compare this with Greek stories like that
of Orpheus and Eurydice. The idea of meeting entities from the past while travelling underground was also used in Dante's comedy and various mythologies before him. In some ways the type of Hollow Earth which Jules
Verne created then seems like a (subconscious) continuation of such ancient beliefs about
the underworld. Images and scenes like the fossil graveyard and the coal mine
only add to this baroque sense of remembering the dead (which in the end paleontology
is all about when you think about it). However, any such deeper meaning seems
to have been lost in later stories inspired by Verne’s novel. Edgar Rice
Burroughs’ Pellucidar series, starting in 1914, and Vladimir Obruchev’s
novel Plutonia from 2015 both feature a concave Hollow Earth populated
by all sorts of prehistoric creatures (and occasionally Tarzan), but use these
mostly as fantastical elements rather than being geologically or
paleontologically minded. From then on the association with the Earth’s core
and extinct life became codified without much sense behind it. The most hilarious
example of this is the fact that, according to one of the screenwriters of the
2003 movie The Core (a movie which mind you is well aware that the
interior of the Earth is solid and hotter than the sun’s surface), the original
script of the film still wanted there to be dinosaurs at the Earth’s core! The
movie is hilariously dumb as is, but I would have loved to see that trainwreck.
Speaking of dinosaurs, it is odd that none appear in Journey to the Center
of the Earth (apart perhaps from that one moa Axel dreams about). As a kid
I thought this was simply because dinosaurs were not yet known in Verne's time,
but history quickly proved young me wrong. The first known dinosaur, Megalosaurus,
was already described in 1827, the Crystal Palace Park saw completion in 1853
and the relatively complete skeleton of Hadrosaurus was discovered in
1858. Édouard Riou himself previously illustrated a fight between Iguanodon and
Megalosaurus in Deluge before working for Verne. In the next
decade already the infamous Bone Wars between Marsh and Cope would break out.
Why did Verne not capitalize on this growing dino-mania and instead resorted to
fossil animals which were already long-known at the time? Frankly, I do not
know. One also wonders if this “lack” had an influence on the book’s popularity
over the years. While it is among his most well-known works, Journey to the
Center of the Earth nowadays never seems to be as culturally relevant or
popular as his other books, such as Around the World in 80 Days, 20’000
Leagues under the Sea or Around the Moon. Perhaps some dinosaurs
would have helped boost its popularity. Though I think there is something deeper
behind this. Most of Verne’s stories concern the technologies and possibilities
of the present and future, while Journey stands out for being perhaps
his only story that is interested in exploring the past. It is also mainly
known for being both outdated and impossible. Compare it then, for example,
with Around the Moon, which predicted many details of the Apollo moon
landings with an almost eerie precision. As
discussed previously this difference in popularity/relevance is likely indicative of the modern trend of young people being more interested in technology than fossils.
But hey, when worlds collide...
On a final note, I
really enjoyed the 2008 movie adaptation when I was younger. Brendan Fraser
deserves more love, especially after what he has been through in recent years! This
has been it for our first post in this new category. Next time we will take a
look at Harry Govier Seeley’s Dragons of the Air from 1901. Thanks for
reading and see you until then!
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Related
Posts:
- The Alien Prehistoric World Trope: Part 1 - Antediluvia
- The Alien Prehistoric World Trope: Part 2 - Dinosaurs become movie monsters
- The Paleoart of Spongebob Squarepants
Literary Sources:
- Ley, Willy/De Camp, Lyon Sprague: Lands Beyond, New York 1952.
- Verne, Jules:Journey to the Center of the Earth, Paris 1864 (German translated edition 1971).
- Witton, Mark: The Paleoartist's Handbook. Recreating prehistoric animals in art, Marlborough 2018.
Papers:
- Shafiee et al.: When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished?, in: Energy Policy, 37, 2009, p. 181 – 189.
Online
Sources/Further Reading:
